The metropolitans of Iran have been undergone rapid expansion due to the immigration from the rural areas to urban centers.The process of the metropolitan growth caused attracting population of villages surrounding urban centers, which, leads to creation of "new domains" with lack regular spatial features. It has neither urban characteristic nor rural typical features. This aspect called rurbanism. Rurbanism leads to expansion of environmental, social and economic crisis. This research is going to investigate the process of "rurbanism" & its consequences. These consequences considered environmental crisis including: Qualitative & quantitative crisis of water, degradation of green spaces & agriculture lands and creating socio-economic insecurity. Robat-Karim is the study area of this research located in south-west of Tehran. Data collected via observation of local community and field study, interview to members of Islamic rural councils, filling questionnaire in selected villages & rural health centers& some available documents. Findings were analyzed by means of comparative study, descriptive statistic and statistical tests (regression, Friedman method, T-student & Likert method). Findings shows that in concentrated political & socio economic systems, national metropolitan attract immigrants from all over the country. These cities, due to job vacancies & presenting services, that are attractive for immigrated people. Because of hare metropolitan high price of land & housing and also progressive transportation, low income people settled in surrounding villages. Presenting poor services decaying quality of life & natural jeopardy (bio-environmental & water crisis), economic insecurity (jobless & poverty concentration) & socio-insecurity (social anomaly) emerge as environmental crisis.

Vast number of school-aged children in developing countries face major health and nutrition problems. Many of these children have a history of PEM as well as nutritional deficiencies of vitamin A and iron. These conditions are exacerbated by helminths infection which is highly prevalent among school-aged children and particularly inimical to their healthy growth, development and educational progress. Yet, large parasite burdens, particularly severe hookworm infection, are associated with impaired cognitive function as well as educational outcome measures such as absenteeism, under-enrollment, and attrition. Thus, helminthic infection appears to constitute a very real barrier to children’s progress in school. In this study a total number of 555 students were selected by random sampling in Robat Karim city. Data was collected by using questionnaires and face to face interviews with children’s mothers. The stool specimens, collected fresh in paper cups, were examined by formol-ether concentration and for diagnosis of oxyuriasis the adhesive cellophane tape was applied. Nutritional status of the students was determined based on anthropometric measurement. Any students whose weight or height was less than -2SD, expected for the given age, was regarded as being malnourished. The results showed that nutritional status of the students on the base of height for age was 6.5% and on the base of weight for height was 9.6% which showed malnutrition. The prevalence of parasites infection was 49.6% including 23% pathogen, 18.5% giardiasis (CI 15.2-22.3) and 4.5% hymenolepis nana (CI 2.8-6.7). 26.6% non pathogen included 19.8% antamobacoli (CI 16.4-23.6), 3.1% andolimax (CI 1.7-5.1), 1.4% iodoambabutchili (CI 0.57-2.9) and the others were less than 1%. The prevalence of oxyuriasis based on cellophane tape was 38.9%. Therefore, the total rate pathogen parasitic infection among students was 61.9%. The prevalence of malnutrition on the base of weight for height was higher in the boys than in the girls and the prevalence of parasites infection was significantly higher in the boys (51.1%) (CI 44.9-57.2) than in the girls (42.3%) (CI 35.7-49) P<0.05). A significant relationship was found between malnutrition (height for age) and parasitic infection P<0.013. There was also a significant relationship between malnutrition (weight for age) and oxyuriasis P<0.006. Consequently, compensatory strategies must be developed to improve health quality.

Aim and Background: Pcervical cancer, one of the most common female cancers, is the central cause of death in developing countries. Early detection of cervical cancer by Papanicolaou (Pap) smears prevents the abnormal changes of cervical cells and also, declines in death rates among different populations.Materials and methods: In the present study, responses from 100 women among those attending Parand and Robat-Karim health care centers were collected to assess their knowledge and attitudes towards Pap smear screening by evaluation of demographic profiles and statistical analyses.Results: Mean age of participants was 31.56. Aging and educational attainment were found to be significantly related to overall knowledge and attitude about Pap smear screening usage.Conclusion: Statistical analysis revealed that knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and Pap smear screening among participants were 50.9 and 38.8 respectively. We conclude that the level of awareness towards Pap smears in Parand and Robat-Karim women was relatively low.

In the new age and in the third millennium, natural crises have become an inseparable reality of human life and have become one of the most important issues facing most of the world's metropolises. By observing the principles and laws of urban planning and applying them in accordance with the principles of crisis management, urban crises can be reduced to some extent. Crisis management is a process of planning and performance that by systematically observing and analyzing crises seeks to find a tool to reduce the effects of the crisis. Due to the importance of the subject of the present study, it seeks to investigate the factors affecting the spatial-physical vulnerability of the city with a descriptive-analytical method with a crisis management approach in the city of Robat Karim. The statistical population of the research group of 20 people was selected by snowball method. Data analysis method was performed with anp model. The results showed that among the 4 factors affecting the vulnerability of the operating city (standard), natural (with a normalized score of 0. 054), in the first priority, physical criteria (with a normalized score of 0. 27) in the second priority and social criteria-Economic (with a normalized score of 0. 08) were recognized in the third priority and finally the relief and management criteria (with a normalized score of 0. 09) in the fourth priority, and these criteria play a role in the vulnerability of the city of Robat Karim, respectively. According to the obtained results, any planning in order to manage the crisis of Robat Karim city should be based on the natural factors of this city.

The Robat Karim Fault (RKF) is a NW-trending structure in the northern part of the Central Iranian block that has experienced a multiple displacement history reflective of the late Miocene to present tectonic in northern Iran. In the fault zone, WNW, NNW and NNE trending faults are mapped in addition to folds and tectonic-sedimentary features such as growth strata and angular unconformity. According to geometric relations between strike-slip along with reverse and normal faults, strike-slip inversion is proposed for the RKF. Syntectonic sedimentation signs such as growth strata and the angular unconformity in the Late Miocene-Pliocene deposits constraint the time of sinistral strike-slip deformation of the RKF. However, dextral strike-slip deformation of the RKF affected Quaternary sediments. Sinistral strike-slip movement along the RKF is may be caused by orocline flexure of the Alborz Mountains which itself reflected collision of Central Iran with the south Caspian and the Turan blocks. Dextral movement along the RKF as well as the other NNW faults of Central Iran are the result of the last stage of indentation of Arabia in the Pliocene.

Today, economic development, population growth, and urbanization have made the environment highly vulnerable to damage and destruction. In this regard, municipal solid waste plays a significant role in demolition. The economic disadvantage of the waste management process is the most important issue that neglects to spend on managing external environmental impacts and therefore the financial sustainability of this process is essential. In this paper, the economical and financial appraisal of three phases of waste management process including storage, collection and transportation paid for the city of Robat Karim by cost-benefit analysis. The results showed that in the present situation, considering that the cost of project) fixed and variable costs (are much higher than the proceeds of the residual income, this process is not from the private sector investors point of view. In order to examine the financial feasibility, three scenarios of change include a 15% reduction in fixed costs of the project, a 30% increase in revenue from the sale, and finally in terms of indirect benefits of reducing health costs due to proper waste management performance, was investigated. The results showed that in terms of these changes in the above scenarios, the internal rate of return will be 40% and the benefit-to-cost ratio will be about 1. 20 and the payback period will be 4. 25 years, so the waste management process can be financially feasible. The results of this study can provide the necessary information for determining governmental incentives to make the process of waste management by the private sector.

This study aimed to investigate the misconceptions of ninth-grade students about chemical bonds. The research was a survey. The statistical population included all ninth-grade students of Robat Karim city who were studying in 1401-1400, from which 200 students (100 girls and 100 boys) were selected by random sampling. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 17 multi-choice questions related to the chemical bonds of the ninth-grade textbook. Two chemistry faculty members of Farhangian University and two science teachers who taught in the ninth grade confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. The obtained reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha method was 0. 75. The questionnaire was categorized into the concept of chemical bonding, ionic bonding, and covalent bonding. Data were analyzed using SPSS26 software. Results showed that the most misconceptions were related to the lack of understanding of the formation of ionic and covalent bonds. The results of one-way ANOVA analysis showed that in terms of combining dependent variables between girls and boys in independent variables including the concept of chemical bonding (Ƞ, 2=0. 000, p> 0. 05, F =8. 489), ionic bonding (Ƞ, 2= 0. 000, p> 0. 05, F =0. 082) and covalent bond (Ƞ, 2= 0. 000, p> 0. 05, F =0. 367) there is no significant difference.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of heavy metals (Mn, Pb, and Cu) on the morphology of Ephedra poracera shrubs and the absorption of these elements in different parts of the plants grown in a manganese ore plant in Robat Karim, Tehran Province. Sampling and procedures of the heavy metal analysis were done according to the method recommended in the book of standard methods. Visual analysis of plant bases in the manganese ore plant showed that the heavy metals had negative effects on morphology of the plants in that region. Ephedra plants growing on the quarry showed significant differences for internode length, shoot length, and root length in comparison with the plants growing outside the mine. In fact, plants in the mine had longer stem and internode length but shorter root length compared to plants outside the mine. Analysis of heavy metals in this plant showed that under high concentration of Mn, this element was not accumulated in roots and stems and therefore, it did not exert any significant influence on the plant. However, considerable level of lead was accumulated in the stem and root system of the plant. In addition, copper accumulated in roots more than in shoots and stems.

Background: Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis are among the major causes of vaginosis, which their detection is difficult in culture media. The aim of this study was to compare two detection methods (PCR and conventional culture media) for the determination of frequency of these bacteria among women with vaginal infection.Material and Methods: For this purpose, we conducted a study for patients with bacterial vaginosis admitted to Imam Zaman and Imam Khomeini Hospitals (n=250) in comparison with healthy women with no vaginal infections (n=150). The extracted DNA was used as template to amplify 16srRNA coding gene using specific primers in two separate PCR reactions. Then the data were analyzed using the logistic regression at the P<0.05 significant level.Results: The results indicated that 38% and 46.8% of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis were positive in culture, while this was the case in 68.8% and 77% of samples in PCR, respectively. The results show that the using PCR for molecular identification of bacteria is highly accurate, sensitive and particularly specific, where the culture negative samples were detected by this method.Conclusion: For the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and hominis among the vaginotic cases PCR is a highly reliable and sensitive method compared to the culture media. Using specific primers, PCR can confidently detect and separate infectious agents even in the genesis and species level.